Medical bills are among the most common culprits of financial distress in the U.S. One trip to the hospital can run into thousands of dollars. And for many families, those bills do not just go away — they accrue, rack up interest, and even pass into collections.
But something most people don’t know: medical bills are negotiable. Hospitals make mistakes. Discounts are available that nobody tells you about. Payment programs exist — you just need to ask.
This article walks you through 11 legitimate, proven tactics to reduce medical bills. These are practical steps that anybody can do, regardless of income level or insurance status.
1. Request an Itemized Bill — Always
The single most important action to take after receiving any medical bill is to request an itemized statement.
An itemized bill details every single charge — every pill, every glove, every minute in the operating room. Most hospitals will send you a summary bill first. That summary hides a lot.
Research shows as many as 80% of medical bills have mistakes. Here are some of the mistakes made most frequently:
- Charging for services they never provided
- Duplicate charges for the same procedure
- Upcoding (billing for a more costly treatment than what was received)
- Incorrect patient details impacting insurance claims
When you get the itemized bill, walk through it line by line. If something doesn’t look right, ask your provider about it. You have every reason to contest charges that don’t add up.
How to Request One
Call the billing department and simply say: “I want an itemized bill for my visit on [date].” They are mandated to do so. Take a few days to review it closely.
2. Review Each Bill Against Your Explanation of Benefits (EOB)
If you have health insurance, your insurance company sends you a document known as an Explanation of Benefits, or EOB.
This is not a bill. It’s an itemized summary of what your insurance covered, how much they paid, and how much you still owe.
Be sure to compare your EOB with the bill from your provider. One of them might be wrong. Reach out to both your insurance company and the hospital billing department to get it straightened out.
What to Look For
| Item | What to Check |
|---|---|
| Service date | Does it match when you actually visited? |
| Procedure codes | Are the correct services listed? |
| Amount billed | Does it equal the provider invoice? |
| Insurance payment | Was the right amount paid? |
| Your obligation | Does what you owe feel reasonable? |
Even a slight mismatch can leave you overpaying. Take the time to check.
3. Negotiate Directly With the Hospital
That surprises a lot of people, but hospitals negotiate all the time.
Insurance companies haggle for lower rates every day. You can do the same thing as an individual — particularly if you’re uninsured or your insurance didn’t cover as much as you thought it would.
Call the billing department and say: “Is there any way to reduce this bill?” Get real about your financial situation. You don’t need to be pushy. Just be polite, calm, and persistent.
What Works During Negotiation
- Say that you are willing to pay a lump sum up front in return for a discount
- Inquire whether they can use the uninsured rate or the self-pay rate — these are frequently far less
- Reference what Medicare or Medicaid would pay for the same service (which you can look up online)
- If the first person cannot help, ask to speak with a supervisor
When patients directly negotiate with the hospital, hospitals often accept 40–60% off the original bill. Those are big savings on large bills.
4. Apply for Financial Assistance Programs
By law, most hospitals — particularly nonprofit hospitals — must provide financial assistance programs. This is sometimes referred to as “charity care.”
Depending on your income, they can cut your bill by a lot or even wipe it out entirely.
Who Qualifies
Eligibility requirements differ from hospital to hospital, but many programs provide services for patients who earn up to 400% of the federal poverty level (FPL). That’s a household income of about $60,000 or more in some instances.
Here’s a rough guide:
| Household Size | Maximum Income (Approximate) |
|---|---|
| 1 person | Up to $58,000/year |
| 2 people | Up to $79,000/year |
| 4 people | Up to $120,000/year |
These figures also differ by state and across hospitals. Always ask.
How to Apply
Call the billing department and inquire about their financial assistance policy. Ask specifically: “Do you have a charity care program, and how do I apply?”
You generally have to complete a form and show proof of income (such as tax returns or pay stubs). Apply as early as you can — before the bill goes to collections.
💡 For more guidance on managing healthcare costs and financial assistance options, visit Global Health Financial — a helpful resource for navigating medical expenses and health-related financial planning.
5. Set Up a Payment Plan (and Avoid Interest)
If you can’t pay the whole amount right now, don’t let your bill go ignored. That’s the one thing you never do.
Instead, call the billing department and ask for a payment plan. Most hospitals and clinics will arrange a monthly payment plan — and many of them offer zero-interest plans.
Tips for Setting Up a Plan
- Ask specifically if the plan carries an interest charge. If it does, request a no-interest option.
- Get the monthly amount down to a figure you can actually afford
- Get a written copy of the agreement before any funds are exchanged
- Reconsider putting medical bills on a credit card — that usually incurs high interest
It is always better to pay $100 per month interest-free than to charge it to a card at 20% APR.
6. Take Advantage of a Health Savings Account (HSA) or Flexible Spending Account (FSA)
Take advantage of an HSA or FSA if your employer offers one.
These accounts allow you to set aside pre-tax dollars for medical costs. In other words, you’re effectively getting a tax break equivalent to your tax rate on every dollar you spend on healthcare.
HSA vs FSA at a Glance
| Feature | HSA | FSA |
|---|---|---|
| High-deductible plan required | Yes | No |
| Funds roll over year to year | Yes | Usually No |
| Can invest unused funds | Yes | No |
| Employer can contribute | Yes | Yes |
| Works for most medical expenses | Yes | Yes |
If you’re in the 22% tax bracket and spend $2,000 on medical bills, using an HSA or FSA saves you $440. That’s real money.
7. Shop Around for Procedures Before You Need Them
Not every medical procedure is an emergency. If you already know you need a particular test, scan, or surgery, you often have time to shop around for the best price.
Prices for the same procedure can vary tremendously — in some cases by thousands of dollars — depending on where you go.
Where to Compare Prices
- Healthcare Bluebook (healthcarebluebook.com) — provides reasonable prices for procedures in your area
- FAIR Health Consumer (fairhealthconsumer.org) — provides cost estimates for medical and dental services
- Your insurance company’s website — most insurers have cost-comparison tools for in-network providers
- ClearHealthCosts — crowdsourced prices for common procedures
Example: Cost of an MRI Without Insurance
| Location | Average Price |
|---|---|
| Hospital outpatient | $1,000 – $5,000 |
| Freestanding imaging center | $400 – $900 |
| Direct-pay MRI clinic | $200 – $600 |
Same scan. Very different prices. If you plan ahead, the choice is yours.
8. Avoid Out-of-Network Charges Whenever Possible
One of the quickest ways to ramp up a medical bill is by inadvertently using an out-of-network provider.
This happens more often than you might think. You may end up at an in-network hospital, but the anesthesiologist or specialist who cares for you there could be out-of-network. You don’t find out until the bill arrives.
How to Protect Yourself
- Ask your doctor in advance: “Will everyone who’s taking care of me be in-network?”
- Call your insurance company and confirm that the hospital, surgeon, and any specialists are covered
- If you receive a surprise out-of-network bill, the No Surprises Act (which took effect in January 2022) protects you in many cases — allowing you to dispute the charge
If you received a surprise bill from an out-of-network provider, you might be able to have it reduced to the in-network rate through the dispute process provided under federal law.
9. Ask About Generic Medications and Prescription Discounts
Prescription medications can be a large — if not considerable — medical expense. But there are several ways to cut that cost significantly.
Strategies That Work
Ask for generics. Generic drugs have the same active ingredients as brand-name drugs but are exponentially less expensive. Always ask your doctor: “Is there a generic version of this?”
Use GoodRx or similar apps. Tools like GoodRx and RxSaver allow you to compare prices at nearby pharmacies. Sometimes the reduced price is lower than your insurance copay.
Check manufacturer coupons. The websites of many drug companies include savings cards or patient assistance programs you can apply for directly.
Use mail-order pharmacies. Many plans charge less when you order a 90-day supply from a mail-order pharmacy.
Sample Savings Using GoodRx
| Medication | Retail Price | GoodRx Price | Savings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atorvastatin 40mg | $98 | $12 | $86 |
| Metformin 500mg | $35 | $4 | $31 |
| Lisinopril 10mg | $45 | $8 | $37 |
These are actual savings on frequently prescribed medications. Don’t take the sticker price at face value.
10. Hire a Medical Billing Advocate
If your bill is large or complex, you may not want to go up against it by yourself.
Medical billing advocates are professionals who assess your bills, find mistakes, and negotiate for you. They know the system better than most patients, and they can often get you much larger reductions than you could ever obtain on your own.
When It Makes Sense to Hire One
- Your bill is $10,000 or more
- You have already attempted to negotiate and hit a wall
- You’re recovering from a serious illness and have no energy left to fight
- Your claim was denied by your insurance and you don’t know how to appeal
How They Charge
Most advocates work on a contingency basis — they take a cut (typically 25–35%) of whatever they save you. So if your bill is $20,000 and they lower it to $10,000, you pay them a percentage of the $10,000 saved. You still come out ahead.
You can search for certified advocates through the Patient Advocate Foundation or the Alliance of Professional Health Advocates.
11. Appeal Denied Insurance Claims
Insurance companies deny claims. It happens all the time. But what most people don’t know is that you can appeal those denials — and patients often win.
Insurers in the ACA marketplace denied around 17% of in-network claims in 2021, according to a KFF analysis. And a significant percentage of those who appealed had their claims overturned.
Steps to Appeal a Denial
- Read the denial letter carefully — it is required to state why the claim was declined
- Contact your insurer and request clarification on the reason for denial
- Obtain a letter of medical necessity from your doctor (this is useful if the denial was for a service considered “not medically necessary”)
- Write a formal appeal letter that addresses the specific reason for denial
- Submit your appeal along with all necessary documentation
- If the internal appeal is unsuccessful, you can request an external review by an independent third party
Don’t give up after being denied once. There is an appeals process for a reason — use it.
Smart Habits That Keep Medical Bills Lower Long-Term
Lowering a bill after the fact is helpful. But establishing habits that prevent big bills altogether is even better.
Stay in-network. Confirm your provider is covered before each appointment.
Use preventive care. Most insurance plans cover annual checkups, screenings, and vaccines at no cost. They catch problems early — before they get expensive.
Read your insurance plan. Understand your deductible, copay, and out-of-pocket maximum. It makes it easier to make good decisions year-round.
Don’t skip follow-up care. Ignoring a health problem almost never makes it better — or more affordable — later.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I actually negotiate my medical bills? Yes. Every day, hospitals negotiate with insurance companies. Patients can do the same, individually. Call the billing department, explain your circumstances, and inquire about a reduced rate or payment plan. Most hospitals will settle for much less than the original bill, especially for a lump-sum payment.
What if my medical bill is sent to collections? Don’t panic. Even in collections, bills are often negotiable. Communicate with the collection agency and propose a settlement amount. Make sure to get any agreement in writing before making a payment. Alternatively, you can negotiate with the original hospital to recall the debt and arrange a direct payment plan.
How do I know if I qualify for charity care? Call the hospital’s billing or patient services department and ask directly: “Do you have a financial assistance or charity care program?” They are required to inform you about it. You may also check the hospital’s website — many publish their financial assistance policies there.
Is medical debt different from other kinds of debt? Yes, in a few important ways. Medical debt does not usually accrue interest the way credit card debt does. In 2023, most medical debt under $500 was removed from credit reports by major credit bureaus. New rules also broadened some protections for medical debt on credit reports, though these vary.
What is the No Surprises Act, and how can it help me? The No Surprises Act, which took effect in January 2022, protects patients from surprise out-of-network bills in many emergency situations and for some services at in-network facilities. If you receive an unexpected bill that violates this law, you can contest it and in many instances pay only your in-network cost-sharing amount.
Can I have an HSA and FSA at the same time? Generally, no — not the standard versions of both. However, there is a limited-purpose FSA that can be used alongside an HSA for dental and vision expenses. Contact your employer’s benefits administrator for details on your specific options.
What if I cannot afford any payment, even on a plan? Be upfront with the hospital. Tell them you currently have no ability to pay. Inquire about zero-dollar payment plans or a temporary deferral. Apply for financial assistance or charity care. Contact a nonprofit credit counseling agency for assistance. In some extreme cases, medical debt can be discharged through bankruptcy — talk to a financial advisor or attorney.
You Have More Power Than You Realize
Medical bills feel overwhelming. But they are not final. They are not set in stone. And they’re not something you need to face alone.
Whether you begin by asking for an itemized bill, applying for financial assistance, or using GoodRx to lower your prescription costs — every action you take puts more money back in your pocket.
The healthcare system is complicated. But the strategies in this article are straightforward, tested, and accessible to anyone. Start with one. Build from there. Cutting down your medical bills is totally within reach — and you deserve to know that.
Have questions about your own medical bill situation? Free case management services are available at patientadvocate.org.









